Physiology


 * Physiology **
 * Skeletal** and **Muscle

Muscle type**
 * Cardiac Muscle - involuntary, heart muscle
 * Smooth Muscle - involuntary, surround digestive organs, pupils in eyes, blood vessels
 * Skeletal Muscle - VOLUNTARY control, attach to bones through //tendons// and create forces to move bones.
 * 1) **//Sarcomere//** - unit of contraction in a myofibril. Made of thick and thin filaments (1:6 ratio)
 * 2) **//Thin filaments//** = actin (protein fiber)
 * 3) **//thick filament//** = myosin

media type="youtube" key="DK7Z-Z7kKEY" height="265" width="320"**
 * Muscle Contration

Reproductive systems – male and female-
 * **//gonads//**-reproductive organs for making gametes. ovary makes egg, testes make sperm
 * **//gametes//**- reproductive cells(sperm&egg) have 1/2 the number of chromosomes of each parent
 * **//female reproductive systems//**-ovaries hold and release eggs, oviducts/falopian tubes carry eggs to the uterus, uterus provides place for baby to develop, vagina is the site of sperm deposit & is the birth canal.
 * **//male reproductive system//**-testes are where meiosis and gamete formation take place, prostate gland and seminal vesicles produce seminal fluid for lubrication and fructose for energy, penis is where the semen is ejaculated to fertilize the egg.
 * **//fertilization//**-the sperm and egg unite and nuclei fuse to become one cell, immediately become a zygote. Has all 46 chromosomes(human)
 * || [[image:http://www.californiaurologist.com/images/normal-reproductive-image.jpg width="287" height="244" caption="http://www.californiaurologist.com/images/normal-reproductive-image.jpg"]] ||  || [[image:http://www.tqnyc.org/2006/NYC063547/images/femalereproductivesystem.jpg width="343" height="258" caption="http://www.tqnyc.org/2006/NYC063547/images/femalereproductivesystem.jpg"]] ||

Flowering Plants (male vs female parts)
 * reproduce with spores(pollen in non-ground plants)
 * Pistil is female part-consists of stigma, style and ovary.
 * stamen is male part-consists of Anther(microsporangia) and filament
 * spores travel from the anther down the Pistil and insemenate the egg.
 * [[image:http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/t/flower_parts.gif width="280" height="293" caption="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/t/flower_parts.gif"]]

accessory organs with secretion Pumps red and white blood cells through the body for use. Moves nutrients 1) Blood pumped through arteries and veins by the heart a.) **Veins** carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs to be re-oxygenated. b.) **Arteries** carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body to supply oxygen 2.) Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
 * Digestive System**– structures and functions //in order//
 * Respiratory** System– structures and function //in order//
 * Circulatory**-
 * Pulmonary vescicles carry blood to and from the lungs, starts out of the right atrium and ends at the left ventricle


 * Systemic vescicles carry blood to and from and from the organ systems, starts at the left atrium and ends at the right ventricle

3.) **Capillaries** a.) Small Tubes that are in the tissue & have thin walls to allow chemical exchange between blood and intracellular fluid & gases in the lungs

v**ascular plants major vessels (xylem, phloem)**
 * **//Xylem//** carries H20 //up from roots//
 * **//phloem//** carries sap/sugar down from photosynthetic centers in leaves
 * Excretory** System –structure and functions (nephron!)
 * Kidney-filters waste fom the blood, forming urine.
 * nephron-the part of the kidney that actually does the filtering and purifying of the blood
 * urine is stored in the bladder until leaving the bdy through the urethra
 * the skin also plays a role-it help the body get rid of water, salt and urea(nitrogen rich substance)

**The Nervous System**: controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to stimuli. **Dendrites**- Extend from the cell body and carry impulse from the environment to the cell body.
 * Neurons- Messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses or action potentials.
 * Neurons are the cells that transmit this impulses.
 * A bundle of Neurons is called a “Nerve”
 * Three kinds of neurons
 * 1. Sensory Nerve
 * Carry messages from senses to spinal cord.
 * 2. Motor Nerves
 * Carry impulses from brain and spinal to muscles and glands
 * 3. Interneurons
 * Connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them
 * Cell Body**- Site where the nucleus is and where most of the cytoplasm is.
 * Axon**- sends impulses away from the cell body
 * Axon terminals** - sites where neurotransmitter is released to send impulse to the next cell. Crossed a "synaptic cleft"

Action Potential: The reversal of charge across the cell membrane of a neuron allowing electrical signals to travel from dendrites to axon

Resting Potential: electrical potential across a membrane of a neuron when no AP is occurring

Threshold Stimulus: the minimum stimulus required to produce an impulse (-50mV)

Synapse: At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an axon terminal, and usually meets with another cell at a connector called a synapse

Neurotransmitters: chemicals used by a neuron to transmit impulses across synapses

accessory organs with secretion
 * Digestive System**– structures and functions //in order//
 * Mouth**- Mechanical breakdown of the food
 * Esophagus**- Food travels down the esophagus through the peristalsys and to stomach past the sphincter for the stomach.
 * Stomach**-Moves the food through the stomach and begins futher digestion with gastric juices.
 * Duodenum**- "Gateway" to large intestine opens and closes to allow and disallow passage into the stomach.
 * Small intestine**- Further digests and absorbs vitamins and nutrients from the food into the body from the lining of the small intestine and the millions of villi that coat it's walls.
 * Large Intestines**- Continues the foods passage throughout the body, removing excess water
 * Rectum**- The final passageway after the large intestine in which food travels
 * Anus**- The digested remains of the food are expelled from the body from past the anal sphincter and out of the anus.

Acsessory organs

 * //Salivary glands//**- procudes amylase to break down starches
 * //Liver//**- produces bile to break fat into smaller droplets (emulsification)
 * //Gall Bladder//**- stores bile
 * //Pancreas//**- produces the following enzymes
 * tripsin
 * lipase
 * amylase