Chloroplasts+and+Mitochondria

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

** Chloroplast ** A double membrane surrounds each chloroplast. The membranes contain stroma, thylakoids, and granum. The stroma is a semi-fliud material that contains dissolved enzymes. This material makes up for most of the chloroplast's volume. A thylakoid is a closed hollow disk that looks like a pancake. Granum are the stacks of thylakoids; each grana looks like a stack of pancakes. The chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane in which there exist thylakoids. In the thylakoids there is a pigment that absorbs light. The light is then used in photosynthesis and energy for a plant is made.
 * __Structure & Fartction__ **

** Mitochondria ** A double membrane also surrounds each mitochondria. The outer membrane keeps the shape of the mitochondria. The inner membrane is folded. Each fold is referred to as a cristae. The space inside of the inner membrane is called the matrix which contains proteins. This is also where the krebs cycle occurs. The mitochondria are where most cellular respiration reactions occur. It is where the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system take place. The mitochondria are where most ATP are synthesized and where the most of the cells energy is produced.

Eukaryotic cells** || **Chloroplasts of Photosynthetic eukaryotes** || compartmentalized in a nucleus || 1 single, circular chromosome || 1 single, circular chromosome || (1 cell splits into 2) || Mitosis || Binary Fission (1 cell splits into 2) || Binary Fission (1 cell splits into 2) || around cell (found only in the cell's mitochondria and chloroplasts) || Found in the plasma membrane around mitochondrion || Found in the plasma membrane around chloroplast || ~3.8 Billion years ago Photosynthetic bacteria: ~3.2 Billion years ago Aerobic bacteria: ~2.5 Billion years ago || ~1.5 billion years ago || ~1.5 billion years ago || ~1.5 billion years ago ||
 * || **Prokaryotes** || **Eukaryotes** || **Mitochondria of
 * **DNA** || 1 single, circular chromosome || Multiple linear chromosomes
 * **Replication** || Binary Fission
 * **Ribosomes** || "70 S" || "80 S" || "70 S" || "70 S" ||
 * **Electron Transport Chain** || Found in the plasma membrane around cell || Not found in the plasma membrane
 * **Size (approximate)** || ~1-10 microns || ~50 - 500 microns || ~1-10 microns || ~1-10 microns ||
 * **Appearance on Earth** || Anaerobic bacteria:
 * http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html

first postulated by** [|**Lynn Margulis**] **in 1967 - ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY** Mitochondria were originally the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria. Chloroplasts were originally the result of endocytosis of photosynthetic bacteria. Theory is supported by the fact that both organelles contain DNA, and contain many similar characteristics as prokaryotic cells. They also fit in the timeline of life.

Cell Theory and Microscopy

Videos Chloroplasts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQQlarUOz-4 Mitochondria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ornB9_UG65A&feature=related